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Jie Hong Chiang Allan K. Hardacre Michael E. Parker 《International Journal of Food Science & Technology》2020,55(2):649-659
This study investigated the effects of moisture content (MC) on the physicochemical properties of extruded meat alternatives made from Maillard-reacted beef bone hydrolysate and plant proteins. Samples were extruded at 170 °C (maximum barrel temperature), at 3.6 kg h−1 (liquid feed rate) and at 1.8, 2.2, 2.6 and 3.0 kg h−1 (dry feed rates) to obtain MC of 60%MC, 56%MC, 52%MC and 49%MC, respectively. Meat alternatives at 52%MC showed the greatest degree of texturisation. However, meat alternatives at 49%MC were the closest in terms of both textural and microstructural properties to reference sample, boiled chicken breast. Results from protein solubility suggested that a large amount of aggregated proteins were associated with hydrogen bonds, while disulphide bonds were the main contributor in the formation of fibrous structure in meat alternatives. Results showed that the change in MC as process parameter played an important role in the formation of fibrous structure in extruded meat alternatives. 相似文献
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Paul W. Francisco Stacy Gloss Jonathan Wilson William Rose Yigang Sun Sherry L. Dixon Jill Breysse Ellen Tohn David E. Jacobs 《Indoor air》2020,30(1):147-155
Energy retrofits can reduce air exchange, raising the concern of whether indoor radon and moisture levels could increase. This pre/post-intervention study explored whether simple radon interventions implemented in conjunction with energy retrofits can prevent increases in radon and moisture levels. Treatment homes (n = 98) were matched with control (no energy retrofits or radon intervention) homes (n = 12). Control homes were matched by geographic location and foundation type. t-tests were used to determine whether post-energy retrofit radon and moisture level changes in treatment homes significantly differed from those in control homes. The radon interventions succeeded in preventing statistically significant increases in first floor radon using arithmetic (p = 0.749) and geometric means (p = 0.120). In basements, arithmetic (p = 0.060) and geometric (p = 0.092) mean radon levels statistically significantly increased, consistent with previous studies which found that basement radon levels may increase even if first floor levels remain unchanged. Changes in infiltration were related to changes in radon (p = 0.057 in basements; p = 0.066 on first floors). Only 58% of the change in infiltration was due to air sealing, with the rest due to weather changes. There was no statistically significant association between air sealing itself and radon levels on the first floor (p = 0.664). Moisture levels also did not significantly increase. 相似文献
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When we speak about capacitance moisture meters for bulk materials we have to face with different values of dielectric permittivity for different bulk materials in dehydrated state, what causes a method error that can be named ‘type uncertainty’. Besides, different varieties of the same material have different values of dielectric permittivity, which depend from geographical origin, processing conditions etc. It can be hardly predicted automatically and type uncertainty can be compensated only in separate situations with the help of preliminary calibration. Main tasks of the research are to develop new comparison principle of moisture measurement with better accuracy due to effective compensation of physical, chemical and granulometric composition influence on the result of moisture measurement, develop new primary and secondary instrument transducers. Moisture sensor consists of four measuring capacitors. Two of them should be filled with a sample, which moisture content should be determined, and other pair of measuring capacitors should be filled with a same substance, but previously dehydrated. Mathematical models, developed to take into account granulometric composition of a bulk material were used to carry out a comparison analysis for three types of instrument measuring transducers. Obtained results proved that suggested principle of moisture measurement provides effective compensation of granulometric composition influence. Developed measuring principle had been experimentally tested what helped to confirm that it provides two times better compensation of different physical and chemical composition for different materials in comparison with the direct comparison method. 相似文献
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《Geotextiles and Geomembranes》2020,48(6):802-811
Construction of this 67 m high RSS was completed in December 2006. After seven years in-service, a tension crack was observed at the top of the slope. In March 2015 this RSS structure catastrophically collapsed. This RSS structure collapsed in a compound failure mode; as the failure plane passed beneath, partially behind, and partially through the reinforced soil mass. The failure plane beneath the RSS was along a shale-claystone interface. The failure surface partially behind the RSS was along sandstone bedrock with water-seeping bedding planes dipping out of the rock mass. The failure surface through the upper portion of the RSS is where the geogrid reinforcement was overwhelmed by stresses originating from underlying deformation. The RSS collapse occurred after 8.3 years in-service as the shear strength along the shale-claystone interface decreased and approached the fully softened strength. The primary causative factors of this failure are: (i) an insufficient subsurface investigation program and interpretation of data for design and detailing; (ii) insufficient specifications and construction plan details for both foundation preparation and rock backcut benching; (iii) insufficient foundation preparation and rock backcut benching during construction; and (iv) adaptations to the design made during construction. 相似文献
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水合物的存在会显著影响能源土的刚度、峰值强度与剪胀性。针对已有能源土模型的不足,结合边界面模型的建模思想,构建一个新的能源土边界面模型,模型参数较少,能够恰当反映能源土的应力-应变关系。计算能源土变形问题的核心在于正确积分塑性本构方程,应用完全隐式回退Euler算法,建立模型应力及塑性内变量的更新公式,并给出显式的一致性切线模量表达式。基于ABAQUS软件提供的二次开发接口,编写模型的用户材料子程序,应用已有试验数据验证程序正确性。最后应用开发的子程序对能源土的平面应变试验进行模拟,分析水合物饱和度对剪切带倾角与孔隙比的影响。 相似文献
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水分测定是冶金行业中矿产原料和产品分析的重要内容,主要包括交货水分、湿存水、化合水等测定类别。尽管水分测定方法本身相对简单,但其涉及到矿物原料、产品结算交割以及其他化学分析的校正计算,属于重要的基础性测定方法。各类矿物、产品几乎都有相应水分测定的国家标准、行业标准,部分还是从国外ISO标准体系中采标而来。文章系统介绍并比较各类矿物原料、产品中交货水分、明水、湿存水、化合水等类别的测定方法。由于ISO标准体系中湿存水含义和国内标准体系湿存水含义有较大差异,其测定操作和用途也有不同,使用空气平衡样品和密封原始样品将会得到数据差异较大的湿存水数据,两种湿存水含义需要明确区分。湿存水对化学称样量、灼减量、化合水的测定有影响,需要用湿存水进行水分校正,才能得到更精确的结果。 相似文献